In class, I show my undergraduates unlabeled pictures of four different stone toolkits from (1) eighteenth-century Tasmanians, (2) seventeenth-century Australian Aborigines, (3) Neanderthals, and (4) late Paleolithic modern-looking humans (30,000 years ago). I ask them to assess the cognitive abilities of the toolmakers by looking at the tools. ... My students always rate the Tasmanians and Neanderthals as less cognitively sophisticated than [the other two groups]. ... Unfortunately, no one raises their hand to suggest that, actually, it's not possible to infer innate cognitive abilities from tool complexity because of the importance of sociality in generating tool complexity. ... To sharpen this point, consider whether the Polar Inuit of 1820 were smarter than the Polar Inuit of 1860. In 1820, they could make kayaks, fancy fishing spears, and compound bows. In 1860, they could not.