https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-017-0765-4
For the full study, just google its title
Note: This study was done in 2011 and funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), but only now did they release the results, it is fair to assume that WADA didn't like the conclusions
Cliffs:
- Historically, only 1-2% of athletes test positive, this figure is consistent with the UFC's USADA program results
- Scientists asked athletes in two elite tested sporting events (Track and Field) whether or not they are on PEDs utilizing a "
randomized response technique" which guarantees anonymity for individuals when answering a sensitive question
- Results:
in the first competition(WCA), the prevalence of past-year doping was
43.6% (95% confidence interval 39.4–47.9)
in the second competition(PAG),
57.1% (52.4–61.8)
Scientists agree that, due to the probabilistic nature of the study, they are likely UNDERESTIMATING the doping prevalence
"Sensitivity analyses, assessing the robustness of these estimates under numerous hypothetical scenarios of intentional or unintentional noncompliance by respondents, suggested that we were unlikely to have overestimated the true prevalence of doping."
- Conclusion:
Doping appears remarkably widespread among elite athletes, and remains largely unchecked despite current biological testing. The survey technique presented here will allow future investigators to generate continued reference estimates of the prevalence of doping.
Just lol @ people who think top athletes are clean