The rage that follows from Patroclus' death becomes the prime motivation for Achilles to return to the battlefield. He returns to battle with the sole aim of avenging Patroclus' death by killing Hector, despite a warning that doing so would cost him his life. After defeating Hector, Achilles drags his corpse by the heels behind his chariot.
Achilles' strongest interpersonal bond is with Patroclus. As
Gregory Nagy points out:
For Achilles [...] in his own ascending scale of affection as dramatized by the entire composition of the
Iliad, the highest place must belong to Patroklos [...] In fact Patroklos is for Achilles the πολὺ φίλτατος [...] ἑταῖρος — the '
hetaîros who is the most
phílos by far' (XVII 411, 655).
Hetaîros meant "companion" or "comrade"; in Homer it is usually used of soldiers under the same commander. While its feminine form (
hetaîra) would be used for courtesans, a
hetaîros was still a form of soldier in
Hellenistic and
Byzantine times. In ancient texts,
philos (often translated "most beloved") denoted a general type of love, used for love between family, between friends, a desire or enjoyment of an activity, as well as between lovers.
Achilles' attachment to Patroclus is an archetypal
male bond that occurs elsewhere in Greek culture: the mythical
Damon and Pythias, the legendary
Orestes and
Pylades, and the historical
Harmodius and Aristogeiton are pairs of comrades who gladly face danger and death for and beside each other.