I don't really know much about this - I'd refer you to some guys I know who did this type of thing, specifically in Thailand, but I've lost the contacts. From what I understand, they range between weeks to a semester to a year, for students to licensed/chartered/PEs. Some are lightweight, others are full on foreign exchange.
It sounds like you're in the beginning phases of your education. Why not find out what your university offers in terms of study abroad programs? It's probably more economical and you'd be working with a safety net.
Otherwise, if you're a guy who likes to forge his own path, Google is your friend.
What I'm most wondering about is after I finish my degree, what kind of opportunities would there be to teach things other than English.
I don't know much about teaching English, but the teaching at expat/international/private schools that others have mentioned sounds more up your alley if you want to go this route.
sure but i didnt know you could get one as a foreigner
Where do you live, what bank do you use and on what major network (VISA/MC/etc) is your ATM? Depending on your bank you'll be hit with a percentage fee on the transaction plus a service fee. You can just withdraw cash on a weekly basis from major bank ATMs to keep your service fees to a minimum.