Feed contaminated with common aflatoxin fungi and liver disease in poultry, specifically detrimental to ducks and turkeys.
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi growing on crops in the field, during handling and in storage. They enter the animal production system via feed (concentrate, silage or forage) or via bedding. Mycotoxins negatively affect animal performance, animal health and product quality. Thus mycotoxin control is crucial for production economics, animal welfare, product quality and food safety reasons.
Aflatoxin-producing members of Aspergillus are common and widespread in nature. They can colonize and contaminate grain before harvest or during storage. Host crops, which include maize, sorghum and groundnuts, are particularly susceptible to infection by Aspergillus following prolonged exposure to a high-humidity environment, or damage from stressful conditions such as drought, a condition that lowers the barrier to entry.
The aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus, A parasiticus, and others. Aflatoxicosis in poultry primarily affects the liver but can involve immunologic, digestive, and hematopoietic functions. Aflatoxin can adversely affect weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, pigmentation, processing yield, egg production, male and female fertility, and hatchability. Some effects are directly attributable to toxins, whereas others are indirect, such as reduced feed intake. Susceptibility to aflatoxins varies, but in general, ducklings, turkeys, and pheasants are susceptible, while chickens, Japanese quail, and guinea fowl are relatively resistant.
Clinical signs vary from general unthriftiness to high morbidity and mortality. At necropsy the lesions are found mainly in the liver, which can be reddened due to necrosis and congestion or yellow due to lipid accumulation. Hemorrhages may occur in liver and other tissues. In chronic aflatoxicosis, the liver becomes yellow to gray and atrophied. The aflatoxins are carcinogenic, but tumor formation is rare with the natural disease, probably because the birds do not live long enough for this to occur.
Aflatoxins in Poultry
https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/AS/AS-615-W.pdf
http://www.knowmycotoxins.com/npoultry.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6414136
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/48/6/1559.full.pdf
http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/mycotoxicoses/overview_of_mycotoxicoses_in_poultry.html