Yeah, Pharma Corps hardly do R&D. It's quite rare that they will ever explain the mechanisms for disease, develop therapy strategies, validate drug targets, or even identify the prototypes. The majority of that is publicly funded research carried out at academic institutions and government labs. The IP is transferred to the private sector for development and the bulk of Big Pharma's "R&D costs" often to used to justify their despicable, exorbitant price gouging and discriminatory practices consist mostly of conducting the preclinical and clinical research, gaining regulatory approval to commercialize the NME and establishing manufacturing, control, and distribution nodes. Such magnificent "innovations" in the marketing department with their shitty ass commercials though. What a fucking scam.