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Black Bears try and make yourself big and loud, and fight back.Not positive but I've heard it depends on the type of bear.
IIRC, Black bears aren't as aggressive as grizzly/brown bears, and the fetal position while covering your neck is a good idea.
I've heard that brown bears will attack regardless of whether you are in the fetal position, and your best bet is to try and scare it away.
All of this could depend on whether or not the bear is a female with cubs in the area - in that case it may be better to just distance yourself from the cubs, as this would be mama bear's concern.
EDIT: Maybe I have this backwards. I just read that because black bears aren't aggressive and they often bluff, that you have a chance of scaring them away. Brown bears, who are more aggressive, leaves you with little choice but to drop and be still....maybe someone else can clarify.
But I do know your best chance of survival depends on your reaction to the type of bear you are encountering.
Grizzly, try to back away, but if it attacks, go to the ground and cover your neck and head, and hope its not hungry.
Every bear I have encountered has fortunately, run away from me. I even ran into a female Black bear with cubs once, but she just ignored me. She was also the smallest grown bear I have ever seen, probably only 100lbs, with 3 tiny cubs.