I was actually thinking about how much Frank Herbert's Dune series influenced this series, actually. Also, Le Morte d'Arthur. I could still GRRM's hand in some of the characters, even if the way things played out weren't exactly the same.
Bran very much reminded me of Leto II and his Golden Path. Superpowered being in touch with nature in a mystical way with an expected lifespan of thousands of years.
Forgetting the Dragon= Nukes metaphor, I was very much struck by the similarities of the Dragons to the Worms of Dune. Red priestesess= Bene Gesserit, Mentats=Maestars (with an influence from Herman Hesse's Glass Bead Game I am sure), the Faceless men= Face Dancers. et. al.
I have not worked it all out, but I am sure there are other similarities.
I am not sure GRRM would do a 15 years in the future, but I could so see Jon slaying/being slain by his son via Dani similar to Arthur and Mordred (Mordred birthed by his sister Morgana). Bran also has some of the Merlin influence as well; the affinity to nature, the alien affect, etc..
I am sure I will think of more, but those are the things that struck me immediately.