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What exactly of the things the Catholic church was teaching? Did they prove false??
Because as it stands today, Protestants have infinitely more heirs than the Catholic faith does.
Beginning with the often discussed theological underpinning of Sola scriptura.
things like papal infalibility, that priests are nescessary to communicate with Jesus, confessions, forced donations, Jesus didn't focus on eternal damnation to hell as a major part of his teaching. The Catholic church used a heavy handed fear driven approach while the protestism became more about the love of Christ. Protestantism also accentuated good deeds through faith as opposed to church conformity.
Protestism didn't have a centralised system so it was more prone to splintering. There's also a plethora of conspiracy theories about Jesuits creating splinter groups on purpose to weaken the movement. It was an easier system for people to manipulate because religious eccentrics could tap into a ready made Christian market as opposed to building new religions from scratch. For this reason there were less splinter groups in the UK because the King was the authority as head of Church and state.
The Catholic Church also approved internal belief systems within the one system, hence why we have different Saints many of whom were transitions from pagan deities used to convert local populations. So really the Church allowed for other splinter beliefs but allowed them to operate with loyalty to the pope. They did not allow for radical faiths which did not swear papal allegiance as they were deemed heretical. Beliefs outside the Catholic churches hierachy were often labelled gnostic and distanced from Catholicism.
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