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That's actually a serious problem. Even without this hypothetical scenario the arab world sits on a desert with a few oasis in Syria and rivers like the Nile, Euphrates and so on. It was relatively sparsely populated until oil became a thing.This Caliphate better take over some arable land. The majority of the territory is some of the most barren, yet highly populous land. 665 million is a lot of mouths to feed mainly out of Spain.
If they stop making tons of money with oil they will starve very quickly.
Agriculture worldwide is dependent on oil, sure, but in the form of fuel. They need not only fuel but to either buy food(much more expensive) but also to irrigate and fertilize deserts made out of mostly silica, no nutrients.
In fact, they would probably die of thirst first as they also have no drinkable water for the entire population, they need desalinization plants or to buy water from somewhere else.
Places like Saudi Arabia and Dubai are the perfect example of unsustainable practices.
To make matters worse they have a severe lack of skilled labor, I'm not talking about scientists with advanced degrees, I mean they don't even proper mechanics and technicians to make things run smooth, they rely on westerners and indians/pakistanis. Without oil to pay for this luxury they would collapse.