@HomerThompson we can look at the list one by one.
Asylbewerber - asylum seeker, that's self-explanatory.
Duldung - toleration, is similar to deferred action. According to German Wikipedia this status applies to ~0.18% of the population.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duldung_(Aufenthaltsrecht)#Praxis
Kontingentfluechtling - literal translation would be quota refugee, a certain number of refugees from war zones can be officially brought into Germany. They didn't come there via illegal immigration but were sort of 'invited'.
Buergerkriegsfluechtling - literal 'civil war refugee', self-explanatory.
then, what I think you were confused by:
international/national Schutzberechtigte und Asylberechtigte, doesn't mean international migrants but describes
"Subsidiär Schutzberechtigte", the literal translation would be something like 'entitled to protection', people who can't apply for Asylum because they're not personally prosecuted for political reasons but possibly face death in their home country, for example, because of armed conflicts. Together with actual asylum seekers, it's one of 2 main groups of the so-called refugee crisis. Refugees are mainly 'Asylbewerber' and 'subsidiaer Schutzberechtigte'.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiär_Schutzberechtigter
That's also true for refugees who can't enforce a right to be accepted as civil war refugees or broke a law or something but also can't be deported because that would be seen as an indirect death penalty.They're deported once armed conflicts are over.