"We are people," said Marion Nestle, a professor in the department of nutrition, food studies, and public health at New York University. "We don't eat pyramids. We eat off of plates."
The first food pyramid released in 1992 "promoted eating so many grain servings, it was promoting obesity," Nestle said.
That is a good story, including the history at the top. I kind of like the list method of #4 from 1920. It doesn't build in the implication of portion ratios, which the geometric shapes like pyramid and wheel and plate do. It just presents foods by nutrition category and says "figure it out, yall."
You can see how shortly after, in the 1940s, they start to get too specific for their own good. We just don't have the knowledge required to say "sir, you should have equal ratios of fruit, potato, milk..."
Then in the 1980s the list is a dumbed down science lesson, which is bad because regular people are not qualified to take that as an input and generate useful results. You would need a lexicon just to begin to understand the 1980 recommendations (which may be what they did, judging from the number of pages those recommendations had)
And finally the pyramids. The 1990s pyramid implies unqualified ratios again. More grains than anything may be the only dietary choice for some people, but that doesn't mean you build it into the recommendations for everyone.
The 2000s pyramid tried to fix that by removing the ratios, but some ratio is still implied because dairy and meat are separate groups of equal standing, as are fruit and veg. Dairy and meat should not be given equal, separate standing because both are definitely not required, even though extra protein and nutrients (iron for girls) above all-plants generally is. And I'm not sure there is a rationale for fruit and veg being separate categories either. They are all plants to regular people. I think I find the distinction confusing.
The new 2011 "plate" has the same quasi-science ratios implied, and the cup of milk on the side is a complete joke. HELLOOO DAIRY LOBBY!? I'll stop there.
as a fun exercise using only this cnn article, I have produced my own system: (in hindsight this looks like the "Four Food Groups" system, except without the dairy lobby giving dairy its own section):
primary food types:
1. fruits and veg (carb energy and nutrients) (a type because the nutrients are required)
2. grains and whole grain flour for bread or pasta (mostly carb energy) (a type because the carb energy is common, storable, and affordable to everyone in quantities that sustain life on earth, unlike with fruits and veg. this part might be different if I was writing a "rich man's food guide")
3. meat, dairy, legumes (mostly protein) (a type because this extra protein and some of the accompanied nutrients are generally required above and beyond fruits, veg, and grains)
more notable food types:
A. butter, olive oil, etc (mostly fat energy) (refined fat is a type because it is a common, storable, nutritionally valuable source of food energy.)
B. baked goods, sweet snacks and drinks (mostly refined carb energy) (a type because it is common, affordable, and nutritionally distinct from less refined carb products)
rules:
eat a balance of 1,2,3 which you find desirable.
add A. to meals in amounts you desire for more energy in your diet. fats can be damaged by heat, light, and processing. avoid refined fat containing trans fats.
B. can be a treat, or a snack when you didn't eat enough of 1,2,3 in your last meal.
too much of any food type in a diet can cause undesirable effects on your body. practice whatever food moderation works for you.
rather than telling people exactly what they should put on a plate (and where), maybe I've taken the approach of giving people the most basic of food education first. they can then decide ratios for themselves based on their cravings and their cupboard. I'll say: keep the plates and suggested ratios for page 2.