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Functional Strength is Strength training with a specific practical, and useful purpose in mind.
Body building training, is the isolation of each muscle to make the isolated muscle bigger, while this will make you look more Buff you will not be as strong as an Olympic lifter who uses his whole body to lift the weight up. Training for body building is cosmetic as opposed to Olympic lifts which are functional and transfer over to a sport where you are lifting your opponent. The Olympic lifts are more realistic for lifting an opponent than muscle isolation. This is just on example of functional vs. cosmetic training.
I believe there is such a thing as functional training.
Bodybuilding is a lifestyle; if you're in the gym six days a week, you won't have the time or energy to do anything else. To be fair, advanced level Bodybuilders are usually stronger than anyone who doesn't compete in a Strength Sport like Powerlifting. I've seen Ronnie Coleman dumbbell bench 400lbs for eight reps. But you are correct when you say that Bodybuilding training is not optimal for any sport; it takes far too much time, both in the gym and recovery.
A far superior method to training muscle groups is Upper/Lower or Push/Pull split routines. Or if your time is short, a Full Body routine can increase strength if performed twice per week.