Most TUE, like in my example, are used by cheaters though. How many people in MLB or the NFL didn't know they had asthma or ADHD until age 24? Yes it's hard to deny legitimate problems that people have but we have a world of Doctors who just operate a script den, and only a simpleton could buy her defense. The drug she took happens to help clear acne, but generally it clears excess fluids from congestive heart failure or cirrhosis. She was cutting weight and creating a potassium surplus.
No this was some time after her fight, not while she was cutting weight. The diuretic she was prescribed was potassium-sparing, which is important for the therapy she was undergoing to flush built-up toxins from the extreme weight cut.
But ultimately it's up to USADA to determine if the therapeutic drug was the proper choice, if it was necessary for the health of the athlete, and if there were no other non-listed drugs that could have provided the same therapy.
Furthermore, 'after a thorough investigation', they determined in addition that Cyborg qualified for that exemption at the time of her test and that she had sufficient reason to have proceeded with the therapy before filing a formal TUE request.
Because she met all the requirements (that are not easy to meet) she was then given the retroactive TUE which retroactively took effect at the time of her test.
This is important: The TUE was in effect on the date of her test through retroactivity.
Some people don't understand this concept and try to say she failed the test and then was pardoned. This is incorrect, she never failed the test because the exemption was in effect at the time of the test. This is based on the fact that she qualified for the exemption at the time, therefore she, for the intents and purposes of USADA, already had an exemption
as long as she could prove she had a reason to go ahead with the therapy before formally filing for the exception. I know this flies over most Cyborg hater's heads and even some people who actually claim to know everything about USADA, but you seem like an intelligent chap so I'm sure this will make sense to you.
Edit: Why do I know all this? Because I spent an hour or so reading the fine print on TUEs and associated rules on USADA's website, something I guarantee no other person here has bothered to do.